Film Notes

Nomadland review – Frances McDormand delivers the performance of her career.

Chloé Zhao’s Nomadland is an utterly inspired docu-fictional hybrid, like her previous feature The Rider. It is a gentle, compassionate, questioning film about the American soul. With artistry and grace, Zhao folds nonprofessionals into an imagined story built around a cheerful, resourceful, middle-aged woman played by Frances McDormand. This quiet, self-effacing performance may be the best of her career so far.

Nomadland is about a new phenomenon: America’s 60- and 70-something generation whose economic future was shattered by the 2008 crash. They are grey-haired middle-class strivers reduced to poverty who can’t afford to retire but can’t afford to work while maintaining a home. So they have become nomads, a new American tribe roaming the country in camper vans in which they sleep, looking for seasonal work in bars, restaurants and – in this film – in a gigantic Amazon warehouse in Nevada, which takes the place of the agricultural work searched for by itinerant workers in stories such as The Grapes of Wrath. Zhao was even allowed to film inside one of Amazon’s eerie service-industry cathedrals.

The film shows you that, along with the hardship and the heartache, there is also serenity in this way of life, even a kind of euphoria – without the burdens of a house and possessions you can have a glorious and very American freedom in the lost tradition of Emerson and Twain. But what happens if your van – or your body – shows signs of collapse?

The movie is inspired by Jessica Bruder’s 2017 nonfiction book, Nomadland: Surviving America in the Twenty-First Century, and by the radical nomadist and anti-capitalist leader Bob Wells, who appears as himself and has a devastatingly moving speech at the end of the film.

McDormand stars as Fern, a widow and former substitute teacher in Empire, Nevada – a town wiped off the map by a factory closure – who is forced into piling some possessions into a tatty van and heading off, something she accepts with an absolute lack of self-pity. The people she meets on the road are, mostly, real nomads who have vivid presences on screen and McDormand’s modest, equable persona slots easily into this group. In some ways, her character functions as the film’s interviewer, or ambassador to the real world. Zhao and McDormand have to steer her fictional existence into their actual lives, and steer their lives into an imagined world. McDormand is a marvellous diplomat for this creative process. The other fictional character is a nice, if maladroit person, a fellow nomad-tramp (David Strathairn) who has a crush on Fern.

Sometimes Nomadland looks like a very, very sweet and positive version of Mad Max – a film about a postapocalyptic US where the people riding around in vans and trucks are just hippy-ish souls who only want to help each other. I spent a few anxious minutes here and there waiting for what I assumed would be the inevitable incursion by violent Hells Angels or sneery materialists, but it never happened. And in some ways this isn’t quite a postapocalypse: the nomads find work and their lives have a kind of purpose, even a nobility. Fern’s sister compares them to American pioneers. At times, the film looks like a tour of a deserted planet, especially when she heads out to the Badlands national park in South Dakota, where there is also tourist-trade work to be had. But the nomads are not alone. They have each other, and their relationship to the non-nomad world is far from hostile.

Zhao may well have drawn some inspiration from movies such as Barbara Loden’s Wanda (1970) or Terrence Malick’s Days of Heaven (1978), with their hard-scrabble world. The important difference is that her movie is not directionally shaped by narrative – that is, a narrative towards disaster – in the usual way, although there are important plot developments concerning Fern’s relationship with her shy suitor. It is more of a group portrait and a portrait of the times, brought off with exceptional intelligence and style. Arguably it is not angry enough about the economic forces that are causing all this but it still looks superbly forthright. There is real greatness in Chloé Zhao’s film-making.

Peter Bradshaw, The Guardian, 30th April 2021.

Review: Frances McDormand is at her finest in ‘Nomadland,’ a sublime ode to American wanderlust.

Near the beginning of “Nomadland,” Chloé Zhao’s wise, wistful hymn to the open road, Fern (Frances McDormand) drives her van through a chilly stretch of Nevada desert, singing to herself as the wind lashes her windows. Her destination is an Amazon warehouse where she will spend weeks bubble-wrapping and sealing packages for delivery, a grueling godsend of a job that will help her and many other itinerant workers get through the rough winter months ahead. The song she’s singing is “What Child Is This?,” a seasonally appropriate choice that sent my thoughts drifting back centuries to another group of wanderers, seeking shelter from a world that seems oblivious to their sufferings and ignorant of their worth.

“Nomadland,” which will begin a weeklong virtual run Friday before opening more widely in February, does bear a passing (and sometimes amusing) resemblance to a modern-day nativity play. Fern, played by McDormand at the plainspoken peak of her powers, is a widow in her 60s with no children to speak of, though at one point she does awkwardly cradle a sleeping infant. There is no transcendence at the end of her long, harrowing journey, but there are unexpected gifts, guardian angels and places of refuge. It would be hard to overlook the spiritual presence — a good word for it would be “grace” — that hovers over every frame of this movie and the spare, wrenching story it has to tell.

Sometimes that grace manifests itself in the unobtrusive beauty of Joshua James Richards’ widescreen images, in the gentle curve of a highway or the sunlight gleaming over a crowded RV park. (It also manifests itself in the plaintive musical score, excerpted from the work of the Italian composer Ludovico Einaudi.) We sense Fern’s gratitude as she tucks into a hot cup of chili with other hungry travelers, or her satisfaction when she glues together the broken pieces of a plate, a cherished gift from her father. “OK,” she says, appraising her good-enough handiwork. Like her fellow nomads, she’ll take every scrap of grace she can get.

The movie begins in the winter of 2011, some time after the death of Fern’s husband, Bo, and the collapse of Empire, Nev., the U.S. Gypsum-owned factory town where they lived for decades. Fern may be a fictional construct, but Empire’s history is real: When the local Sheetrock plant shut down in December 2010, the whole town followed suit, leaving hundreds without jobs or homes, and spurring some to embark on an entirely new way of life. Setting out across the country in vans and RVs, they joined a movement of self-described “workampers,” seeking employment, community and liberation — a phenomenon chronicled at length by the journalist Jessica Bruder in her 2017 nonfiction book, “Nomadland: Surviving America in the Twenty-First Century.”

“Nomadland” the movie, which won the top prizes at the recent Venice and Toronto film festivals, is less an adaptation of Bruder’s work than a free-form conversation with it. In addition to writing and directing, Zhao served as her own editor, and she has shaped the story as a series of discrete, offhand moments, keeping both Fern and the movie in continual motion. Fluid, inventive and even playful in ways that belie its generally somber tone, “Nomadland” exists at that blurry juncture where fiction and nonfiction meet — a well-traveled zone that is nonetheless still rife with artistic possibilities, as filmmakers as far-flung as Jia Zhangke and Pedro Costa are still discovering. As she’s demonstrated in her earlier features, “The Rider” (2017) and “Songs My Brothers Taught Me” (2015), Zhao belongs to the same cinematic tradition, one that she advances here with masterly assurance.

Many of the smiling, careworn faces we see in “Nomadland” belong to real-life nomads, some of whom were featured in Bruder’s book. Not all the stories they share here are strictly true — Zhao is both a rigorous realist and a stealth illusionist — but they tell them with a jaundiced wit and a sturdy conviction that draws no distinction between acting and simply being. Some of them talk about life-altering traumas they’ve experienced, or long-deferred dreams they decided to pursue before it was too late. More than one testifies to the brutality of an American economy that ravaged their savings and left them with nowhere — which is to say, everywhere — to go.

Some of the most memorable supporting players are women roughly Fern’s age, like the hardy Linda May, whom we first meet at the Amazon warehouse, and who shares about how financial desperation once almost drove her to take her own life. (Her dogs, Coco and Doodle, made her reconsider.) And then there’s Swankie, a gruff, generous-spirited woman who helps Fern change a flat tire and berates her for not having a spare: “You could die out here!” Swankie herself has long since resigned herself to that fate: Knowing her time may be short, she’s chosen to spend her remaining months enjoying the peace and freedom of life on the road.

That freedom, of course, is often all too conditional. The white van that Fern calls home — she actually calls it Vanguard — has been ingeniously tricked out with all the amenities she needs: a mattress, a side table and a bucket into which she violently relieves herself, in one of McDormand’s earthier bits of business. But her van is also a continual source of worry, whether it’s an engine that suddenly won’t start or a stranger rapping on her window, urging her to move it along.

And move it along she does. Fern heads to South Dakota’s magnificently craggy Badlands National Park, where she picks up trash on the campgrounds, and later to a Nebraska field, where she takes part in the fall sugar-beet harvest. There are no on-screen titles to identify all the places Fern visits; sometimes you can figure them out based on storefront signs, scraps of dialogue or especially distinctive landscapes. Or you can just let the vistas wash over you, losing yourself in Zhao’s neo-Steinbeckian vision of America: More than once, Fern walks down empty streets and past abandoned storefronts, remnants of once-thriving civilizations that time and capitalism ultimately forgot.

The America of “Nomadland” is vast and gorgeously desolate, stretching on forever toward dusky horizons. It’s also a surprisingly small world, where workampers following the same migratory patterns have a habit of bumping into each other. Zhao introduces a sly variation on this idea in the character of Dave (David Strathairn), a bumbling charmer whom Fern keeps running into, and whose unreciprocated attraction to her is sweetly obvious from their first RV-park encounter. Strathairn and McDormand’s scenes together are so charming and low-key sexy — his puppy-dog persistence keeps bumping up against her stubborn resolve — that you may wonder if “Nomadland” is about to slip its road-movie bonds and slide into full-blown romantic comedy.

It doesn’t, exactly, though I suspect Zhao could have pulled it off in a movie that eludes easy categorization at every turn. Some may emerge from “Nomadland” feeling both moved and slightly puzzled, wondering why a picture so at ease with documentary techniques couldn’t have just been a documentary, rather than placing a two-time Oscar winner front and center. Was that decision a misguided bid for prestige, a classic Hollywood compromise in the mold of one of Terrence Malick’s A-list abstractions? McDormand may be the most unadorned of movie stars, but her flinty screen presence is as forceful and recognizable as that of any actor working today. For all the mundane things she does in this movie — scrub walls, clean toilets, shovel beets, operate a power drill — the one thing she doesn’t do, and perhaps can’t do, is vanish into her own skin.

And this inability, far from proving fatal to Zhao’s experiment, is utterly crucial to its success. “Nomadland” isn’t just a chronicle of lives on the margins; in showing us individuals who have retreated from the mainstream, blazed their own trails and forged their own identities, it becomes its own hauntingly idiosyncratic act of creation. McDormand doesn’t disappear into Fern; she’s revealed by Fern, and Fern is revealed by her. The innate kinship between character and actor is as obvious as their shared first initial. (We never learn Fern’s surname, except that it starts with “McD.”) And while the qualities we often associate with a McDormand performance may be tamped down here — the salty comic aggression, the steely refusal to back down — they persist nonetheless in Fern’s ever-watchful gaze and thin, guarded smile.

We can read those qualities like a map, and they lead us deeper inward, giving shape and form to the vague personal history that brought Fern to this point. There are other hints of that history, too, in the movie’s circular narrative structure and in the late-emerging character of Fern’s sister, Dolly (Melissa Smith), who briefly opens a window onto their tetchy yet tender relationship. At one point Dolly, sympathetically defending her sister’s way of life to some skeptical friends, likens Fern to the early American pioneers, a comparison that feels both accurate and woefully inadequate.

Fern may belong to a nomadic tradition, but tradition alone can’t account for her deep inner restlessness. She accepts, without having to explain, her own compulsions and contradictions: the way she recoils from a soft, warm bed as if it were the most alienating thing in the world, or the fact that she yearns for both the comforts of solitude and the company of strangers. You feel grateful to have been one of those strangers, floating above and alongside Fern, taking a strange satisfaction in her persistence. It is good that she continues to seek — and that perhaps someday, somewhere, she will find.

JUSTIN CHANG, Los Angeles Times, 2nd December 2020.

What you thought about Nomadland

Film Responses

Collated Response Comments

91 people joined us to watch Nomadland. As you'll see, the film left everyone in contemplative moods, with a lot of discussion after the film.

"This was a powerful film as evidenced by the silence in the auditorium which continued well into the closing credits. Having read the non-fiction book it was based on (by Jessica Bruder), Chloe Zhao (and I suspect Frances McDormand) added another dimension with Fern's storyline integrated against the backdrop of the nomad phenomenon in the US (although this is just another iteration of the immigration / migrant / dustbowl / refugee mass movements across human history). It seemed to me to be a story about grief and how people deal with it. Not only Fern, but all the characters. The cinematography of Zhao's long time collaborator Joshua James Richards was stunning as were the skies of the American Midwest and Southwest. It needed that space and grounding for us to contemplate the stories of these modern day nomads. Finally, the soundtrack provided by Ludovico Einaudi was beautiful."

"Loved this film about loss and letting go. Landscape shots were spectacular. Wonderful acting and nuanced character portrayal."

"I came to this having seen it relatively recently to see if could understand why it was quite so lauded on release. It is a little clearer on second viewing, the lack of coherent plot allowing the harsh choices and big questions Fern and her fellow travellers face to loom large: what is your life for? Who are you, stripped of societal guidelines? How do you face your own death? This inverse of the American Dream, where these wanderers are the anti-pioneers, spat out by the ailing behemoth of unchecked capitalism, is framed in landscapes familiar from the westerns of the age when America was at the vigorous height of her powers but their dilemmas are every bit as stark and immediate as any in 'High Noon'. As such it is a subtle and brave piece of film making and McDormand's performance is stellar. That said I find the relationship with Dave unconvincing, it appears as if from another film, truth trumps fiction here. The finale, as Fern drives towards the mountains alone is a downbeat and entirely fitting end to a movie easier to admire than I find it to like. There is an unlikely echo in Swankie's poignant speech about her most valued moments of Rutger Hauer at the end of 'Blade Runner', and that much more moving because it is, presumably, true."

"A hymn to displaced ad restless souls. Wonderfully melancholic and inspiring. I wish I had the courage to travel as lightly."

"I was looking forward to this film but found it curiously bland and rather disjointed. It didn't have much emotional range. I would give it "good" if I could!"

"It felt as if it was going to be too 'documentary like' in the early scenes but moved on to provide an engaging drama.

It was interesting to see a slice of American life and culture that was unknown to me.

Stunning landscape photography. High quality and believable performance from McDormand, although perhaps a bit too much pensive staring into the middle distance."

"I felt melancholic after watching this film. The cinematography was amazing, loved seeing the enormous swathes of land out there (USA) where you can go hide yourself and become rootless, along with other people with a common bond of survival. A tough film to watch I thought and I'd happily rewatch if only to pick up a few tips on surviving in a van!"

"Nomadland was a cinematic poem to nostalgia - nostalgia for places, people and money that had been lost. It was also a great example of the indomitability of the human spirit under duress. The frequent jump cuts to unconnected scenes kept us on our toes but the theme of bonding through a common experience of loss was maintained. The photography was excellent, showing us the immensity of the American landscape and emphasised by the long straight road to the horizon with no other vehicle or human in sight. The 'vanners' and especially Fern, were on their own against the world. The acting by McDorman was superb and totally convincing.

My emotional reaction to the film was strong but mostly downbeat. I felt it was unbalanced in terms of being too dark. The film left me feeling sad rather than uplifted by Fern's stoicism."

"Enjoyed Zhao's The Rider from a couple of years back, so was predisposed to like Nomadland; grimaced at the notion of 'Empire' closing down (the start of metaphors) but the implications of becoming homeless hit hard. A chronicle of transient life (reminded me of Steinbeck's writing in Grapes of Wrath), ruins of the promised American Dream then pulled away for many generations of blue-collar workers: thank goodness we don't grieve for corporate America but are drawn into the life of nomads who play Fern's friends and colleagues as McDormand slips in seamlessly. She's the protagonist, resourceful but vulnerable, when she allows herself to let her guard down. Seeing Fern looking at the corporate image of Amazon – owned by one of the richest men in the world – shocks a little. Yet the tenderness in the film that Zhao shows is rooted in how we care for each and every character she places in frame. All understand government isn't going to provide for them, so they have to look after one another. It feels that what McDormand does with Fern is to live her. The melancholic realism rings true. At one point a cherished memento is broken; a metaphor that could be applied to America itself? Fern glues it back together. How long the glue will hold we can't say. Losing everything but her dignity she goes on to discover beauty in the land which people of USA may have forgotten is there. A bit reminiscent of Terrence Malick's work. Acting first class by all the characters and an intelligent dialogue around their relationships."

"Nomadland was a fascinating insight into lives of people finding a certain freedom and camaraderie in travelling the open road and finding temporary work to cover their basic needs. Frances McDormand was wonderful in this role and the endless empty American landscape expressed the lack of attachment required to chose to live this life. The relationships between fellow travellers was often very touching. All summed up in the phrase “I’m not homeless, just houseless”. Excellent."